Metal Basics

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A copper sample. (Oxidation coating has been removed). Image Credit: USGS
A copper sample. (Oxidation coating has been removed). Image Credit: USGS
  • A copper sample. (Oxidation coating has been removed). Image Credit: USGS
  • Image of ore containing chalcopyrite and uranium. Image Credit: Wikimedia user Geomartin, Licensed under Creative Commons, CC-BY-SA-3.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) via Wikimedia Commons

Metals occur in many different geologic settings around the world. If enough metal is concentrated in one place to be of economic value, it is called an ore deposit. Well-known metals include copper, iron, gold, aluminum, manganese, and platinum, but nearly all of the sixty or so metals in the periodic table have practical uses. Geoscientists know that different types of ore deposits occur in areas where particular types of geologic processes have taken place.

Why do metals matter?

Metals are central to our economy and our culture. Without metals, modern technology would not be possible. Electrical wiring, cars, modern buildings, appliances, and consumer electronics could not exist. For each resident of our country, the United States uses hundreds of pounds of metals per year including iron, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, and dozens more.[1] Many 'critical minerals' used in today's high-tech world are metals.

How does geoscience help inform decisions about metal resources?

Geoscientists study the natural formation of metals in the Earth; explore for and locate metal ore deposits; help determine how to mine them economically, safely, and with minimal environmental impact; help protect water and ecological resources around the mines; and help reclaim disturbed land after mining.

References

1How many pounds of minerals are needed for each person in the U.S. per year? AGI Critical Issues Program, www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/faq/how-many-pounds-minerals-are-required-average-person-year

Learn More

Introductory Resources

  • Metal Mining and the Environment (Booklet), American Geosciences Institute
    Provides basic information about the mining cycle, from exploration for economic mineral deposits to mine closure. The booklet discusses the environmental aspects of metal mining and illustrates the ways science and technology assist in preventing or reducing environmental impacts.

Resources for Educators

Frequently Asked Questions

American Geosciences Institute
U.S. Geological Survey
American Geosciences Institute
American Geosciences Institute